Biomolecules

Vitamins are not produced in human body and they have to be taken from an outside source.

Glucagon is a single chain peptide of 29 amino acids, synthesised by the $\alpha$-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

Cell membranes (Plasma membranes) constitutes bilayer of phospholipid with embedded proteins.

In humans, lipids accounts for upto 79% of cell membrance.

Disulphide bond may be reduced to thiol by means of reagents i.e., NaBH 4 , which shows the presence of thiol group in disulphide bond formation.

There are four bases in mRNA, i.e., adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil.

They form triplets and each triplet behave as a code for the synthesis of a particular amino acid.

Haemoglobin acts as an oxygen carrier in the blood since it reacts with oxygen to form unstable oxyhaemoglobin which easily breaks to give back haemoglobin and oxygen.

The $\alpha$-helix structure is formed when the chain of $\alpha$-amino acids coils as a right handed screw (called $\alpha$-helix) because of the formation of hydrogen bonds between amide groups of the same peptide chain, i.e., NH group in one unit is linked to carbonyl oxygen of the third unit by hydrogen bonding.

This hydrogen bonding between different units is responsible for holding helix in a position.

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose level by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and the conversion of glucose to glycogen by the liver and skeletal muscle.

Amount of A = T and amount of G = C, this is stated by Chargaff’s rule.

Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose.

It is an anaerobic process and involves the degradation of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the generation of two molecules of ATP.