Gemmae are green, multicellular asexual buds produced by some liverworts like Marchantia.
Plant Kingdom
The cell wall of red algae is composed of agar, carrageen and funori along with cellulose.
Ectocarpus is a brown alga (Phaeophyceae). Members of this class have mannitol and laminarin as stored food material.
Chlorella and Spirulina are unicellular algae.
Gelidium, Gracilaria, Laminaria and Sargassum are multicellular.
Volvox is colonial.
Floridean starch is the stored food material in red algae. Its structure is similar to amylopectin and glycogen.
Strobili or cones are found in Equisetum. They contain sporangia and perform the function of protecting spores.
In pteridophytes, the female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophytes and zygotes develop into young embryos within the female gametophytes.
This is a precursor to the seed habit.
Polysiphonia is a red alga (Rhodophyceae) which reproduces by non-motile spores and non-motile gametes.
Gymnosperms have ovules not enclosed by an ovary wall.
Selaginella and Salvinia are both heterosporous.
Pinus/Cedrus is branched.
Horsetails (Equisetum) are pteridophytes.
In Chlamydomonas, the zygote divides by meiosis. It exhibits a haplontic type of life cycle.